Understanding Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers called myelin. This leads to inflammation, damage to the myelin sheath, and, in some cases, damage to the underlying nerve fibers. As a result, the transmission of electrical impulses along the nerves is disrupted, leading to a wide range of symptoms.
 

Types of Multiple Sclerosis

Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS):
This is the most common form of MS, affecting approximately 85% of individuals diagnosed with the condition. RRMS is characterised by episodes of new or worsening symptoms, known as relapses or exacerbations, followed by periods of partial or complete recovery, known as remissions.

Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS):
Over time, some individuals with relapsing-remitting MS may transition to secondary progressive MS. SPMS involves a gradual worsening of neurological function, with or without occasional relapses or remissions.

Primary Progressive MS (PPMS):
PPMS is less common, affecting about 10-15% of individuals with MS. In PPMS, there is a steady worsening of neurological function from the onset of symptoms, without distinct relapses or remissions.

Progressive-Relapsing MS (PRMS):
This is a relatively rare form of MS characterised by a progressive worsening of symptoms from the onset, with occasional relapses and periods of stability.

Symptoms of MS:
The symptoms of MS vary widely depending on the location and severity of nerve damage in the CNS. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling, vision problems, coordination and balance difficulties, cognitive impairment, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.

The course of MS is highly unpredictable, and symptoms can fluctuate over time, making the management of the condition complex and individualised.